In the light of recent elections in Australia, critically analyze the similarities and differences between the polity of India and Australia.
Following the recently concluded Australia General Elections, the Prime Minister Anthony Albanese’s Labor government has returned to power with an even larger majority, commanding at least 85 seats in the House of Representatives of a total of 151 seats. It is being viewed by political analysts all over the world as not just a political result, but a powerful statement: A resounding endorsement of stability, competence, and inclusiveness in a world too often marked by populism and polarisation.
Similarities Between the Indian and Australian Constitutions
1. Federal Legislative Systems
Both countries follow a federal structure, dividing power between the central government and states/territories.
The concept of a Concurrent List in India, which allows both the central and state governments to legislate on certain subjects, was inspired by the Australian model.
2. Legislative Framework
Second Reading Clause: In both countries, bills undergo a second reading in Parliament and are referred to committees for suggestions before becoming law.
Joint Sessions: Both nations allow joint sittings of Parliament to resolve legislative deadlocks.
Bicameral Legislature: The Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha) and Australian Parliament (Senate & House of Representatives) follow a bicameral system.
3. Judicial Structure
Final Court of Appeal: The Supreme Court serves as the highest judicial authority in both countries.
Independent Judiciary: Both nations emphasize separation of powers, ensuring judicial independence from the executive and legislature.
Judge Appointment and Dismissal: The appointment and removal of judges follow similar procedures, ensuring transparency and fairness.
Differences Between the Indian and Australian Constitutions
1. Emergency Provisions
India: The Constitution allows the President to declare a national emergency, state emergency, or financial emergency under specific conditions.
Australia: Emergency laws are handled by individual states, and the central government has limited authority over state emergencies.
2. Citizenship Laws
India: Does not allow dual citizenship—an Indian citizen must renounce their nationality if they acquire foreign citizenship.
Australia: Allows dual citizenship, introduced on April 4, 2002. Citizens can hold Australian and another country’s nationality simultaneously.
3. Political Framework
India: A parliamentary republic, where the President is the constitutional head, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
Australia: A constitutional monarchy, where the Governor-General represents the British Monarch as the official head of state.
4. Legislative Amendments
India: The Constitution can be amended by Parliament through a special majority vote.
Australia: Amendments require a national referendum, where all eligible citizens must vote. The amendment is passed only if both a majority of voters and a majority of states approve it.
5. Election Process and Term Duration
Upper House Elections:
India: Uses the single transferable vote (STV) for electing members of the Rajya Sabha.
Australia: Uses the proportional representation system for Senate elections.
Term Duration:
India: Members of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) serve for five years.
Australia: Members of the House of Representatives serve for three years.
Way forward:
1. Apart from Economic partnerships, Pro-democratic countries like India and Australia should frequently take initiatives for advocating democracy all over the world.
2. India has a significant diaspora in Australia and Tier 3 diplomacy can be of huge importance in shaping up India-Australia relationship.
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